Warp Factory
  • What is Warp Factory?
  • Overview
    • Installing Warp Factory
    • Workflow
    • Codebase Structure
    • Object Types
    • Frames
  • Examples
    • Metrics
      • M1 - First Metric
      • M2 - Default Metrics
      • M3 - Building a Metric
    • Energy Tensor
      • T1 - First Energy Tensor
      • T2 - Cartoon Methods
      • T3 - GPU Computation
      • T4 - Solver Order
      • T5 - Errors
    • Analysis
      • A1 - Energy Conditions
      • A2 - Metric Scalars
      • A3 - Eval Metric
      • A4 - Momentum Flow
    • Warp Shell
      • W1 Warp Shell Comoving
  • Modules
    • Metrics Module
      • Metric Library
        • metricGet_Minkowski
        • metricGet_Alcubierre
        • metricGet_Lentz
        • metricGet_VanDenBroeck
        • metricGet_WarpShellComoving
        • metricGet_ModifiedTime
        • metricGet_Schwarzschild
      • Metric Functions
        • setMinkowski
        • setMinkowskiThreePlusOne
        • threePlusOneBuilder
        • threePlusOneDecomposer
    • Analyzer Module
      • getMomentumFlowLines
      • doFrameTransfer
      • changeTensorIndex
      • getScalars
      • getEnergyConditions
      • evalMetric
    • Solver Module
      • getEnergyTensor
      • verifyTensor
    • Visualizer Module
      • plotThreePlusOne
      • plotTensor
      • Plot Functions
    • Units Module
  • General
    • Contributing
    • FAQ
    • Citing Warp Factory
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  • Description
  • Method
  • Syntax
  • Input Arguments
  • Output Arguments
  1. Modules
  2. Analyzer Module

getScalars

Description

The properties of the metric can be explored by comparing geometric properties such as the expansion, shear, and vorticity scalars. Each of these scalars is built from the metric tensor and evaluated at each point in spacetime using projections of the metric on a timelike vector field.

Expansion Scalar

The expansion scalar is a quantity that describes the change in the volume of a region. We define this scalar θ\thetaθ as:

θ=gμνθμν \theta = g^{\mu\nu}\theta_{\mu\nu}θ=gμνθμν​

where θμν\theta_{\mu\nu}θμν​ is the stress tensor found from the projection tensor PμαP^\alpha_\muPμα​ acting on the observer vector field UμU^\muUμ as

θμν=PμαPνβ∇(αUβ)\theta_{\mu\nu} = P^\alpha_\mu P^\beta_\nu \nabla_{(\alpha} U_{\beta)}θμν​=Pμα​Pνβ​∇(α​Uβ)​

and the projection tensor is given by:

Pμν=gμν+UμUνP_{\mu\nu} = g_{\mu\nu} + U_\mu U_\nuPμν​=gμν​+Uμ​Uν​

Shear Scalar

The shear scalar is a quantity that describes the relative stretching while preserving the volume of an object. The shear scalar σ2\sigma^2σ2 is defined as:

σ2=12σμνσμν\sigma^2 = \frac{1}{2} \sigma_{\mu\nu} \sigma^{\mu\nu}σ2=21​σμν​σμν

where σμν\sigma_{\mu\nu}σμν​ is the shear tensor found from the stress tensor and projection tensorPμνP_{\mu\nu}Pμν​, shear tensor θμν\theta_{\mu\nu}θμν​ and shear scalar θ\thetaθ as:

σμν=θμν−θ3Pμν\sigma_{\mu\nu} = \theta_{\mu\nu} - \frac{\theta}{3} P_{\mu\nu}σμν​=θμν​−3θ​Pμν​

Vorticity Scalar

The vorticity scalar is the magnitude of the twist in spacetime, given by:

ω2=12ωμνωμν\omega^2 = \frac{1}{2}\omega_{\mu\nu}\omega^{\mu\nu}ω2=21​ωμν​ωμν

Where ωμν\omega_{\mu\nu}ωμν​ is the vorticity tensor found from the projection tensor as

ωμν=PμαPνβ∇[αUβ].\omega_{\mu\nu} = P^\alpha_\mu P^\beta_\nu \nabla_{[\alpha} U_{\beta]}.ωμν​=Pμα​Pνβ​∇[α​Uβ]​.

Method

The finite difference methods are used to compute the covariant derivatives for the metric scalars. The 3+1 function is also used to define the observer vector field.

Currently, only the Eulerian observer vector field is used in Warp Factory.

The Eulerian observer vector field results in a Vorticity Scalar that is always zero (within the numerical noise threshold).

Syntax

[expansionScalar, shearScalar, vorticityScalar] = getScalars(metric)

Input Arguments

blue are required inputs

Inputs
Format
Type
Description

Metric

struct

object

Input metric tensor.

Output Arguments

Outputs
Format
Type
Description

expansionScalar

4x4 array

double

Returned expansion scalar at all spacetime points.

shearScalar

4x4 array

double

Returned shear scalar at all spacetime points.

vorticityScalar

4x4 array

double

Returned vorticity scalar at all spacetime points.

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Last updated 1 year ago